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1 в результате чего образуется
. что даёт•The addition of an electron to a neutral atom with the resulting formation of a negative ion...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в результате чего образуется
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2 в результате которого образуется
. что даёт•The addition of an electron to a neutral atom with the resulting formation of a negative ion...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в результате которого образуется
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3 в результате чего образуется
. что даёт•The addition of an electron to a neutral atom with the resulting formation of a negative ion...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в результате чего образуется
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4 в результате которого образуется
. что даёт•The addition of an electron to a neutral atom with the resulting formation of a negative ion...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в результате которого образуется
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5 Craufurd, Henry William
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]fl. 1830s[br]English patentee of the process of coating iron with zinc (galvanized iron).[br]Although described as Commander of the Royal Navy, other personal details of Craufurd appear to be little known. His process for coating sheet iron with a protective layer of zinc, conveyed as a communication from abroad, was granted a patent in 1837. The details closely resembled, indeed are believed to have been based upon, those developed and patented in France in 1836 by Sorel, who had worked in collaboration with Ledru. There had been French interest in substituting zinc for tin as a coating for iron from 1742 with work by Malouin. Zinc-coated iron saucepans were produced in Rouen in the 1780s, but the work was later abandoned. Craufurd's patent directed that iron objects should be dipped into molten zinc, protected from volatilization by a layer of sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride, NH4Cl which also served as a flux. The quite misleading term "galvanizing" had already been introduced by Sorel for his process. Later its pro-tective properties were discovered to depend for effectiveness on the formation of a thin layer of zinc-iron alloy between the iron sheet and its zinc coating. Craufurd's patent was infringed in England soon after being granted, and was followed by several improvements, particularly those of Edmund Morewood, collaborating with George Rogers in five patents, of which four referred to methods of corrugation. The resulting production of zinc-coated iron implements, together with corrugated iron sheeting quickly adopted for building purposes, developed into an important industry of the West Midlands, Bristol, London and other parts of Britain.[br]Bibliography1837, British patent no. 7,355 (coating sheet iron with zinc).Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson, 1943–4, "A study of galvanised and corrugated sheet metal", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24:27–36 (the best and most concise account).JDBiographical history of technology > Craufurd, Henry William
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6 Humfrey, William
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. c.1515d. 14 July 1579[br]English goldsmith and Assay Master of the Royal Mint who attempted to introduce brass production to England.[br]William Humfrey, goldsmith of the parish of St Vedast, was appointed Assay Master of the Royal Mint in 1561. At the Tower of London he assumed responsibility for the weight of silver and for production standards at a time of intense activity in recoining the debased coinage of the realm. Separation of copper from the debased silver involved liquation techniques which enabled purification of the recovered silver and copper. German co-operation in introducing these methods to England developed their interest in English copper mining, resulting in the formation of the Mines Royal Company. Shareholders in this government-led monopoly included Humfrey, whose assay of Keswick copper ore, mined with German expertise, was bitterly disputed. As a result of this dispute, Humfrey promoted the formation of a smaller monopoly, the Company of Mineral Battery Works, with plans to mine lead and especially the zinc carbonate ore, calamine, using it to introduce brassmaking and wire manufacture into England. Humfrey acquired technical assistance from further skilled German immigrants, relying particularly on Christopher Schutz of Annaberg in Saxony, who claimed experience in such matters. However, the brassmaking project set up at Tintern was abandoned by 1569 after failure to make a brass suitable for manufacturing purposes. The works changed its production to iron wire. Humfrey had meanwhile been under suspicion of embezzlement at the Tower in connection with his work there. He died intestate while involved in litigation regarding infringement of rights and privileges claimed from his introduction of new techniques in later lead-mining activities under the auspices of the Company of Mineral and Battery Works.[br]Further ReadingM.B.Donald, 1961, Elizabethan Monopolies, London: Oliver \& Boyd (the most detailed account).——1955, Elizabethan Copper, reprinted 1989, Michael Moon.JD -
7 Owen, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 14 May 1771 Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Walesd. 17 November 1858 Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales[br]Welsh cotton spinner and social reformer.[br]Robert Owen's father was also called Robert and was a saddler, ironmonger and postmaster of Newtown in Montgomeryshire. Robert, the younger, injured his digestion as a child by drinking some scalding hot "flummery", which affected him for the rest of his life. He developed a passion for reading and through this visited London when he was 10 years old. He started work as a pedlar for someone in Stamford and then went to a haberdasher's shop on old London Bridge in London. Although he found the work there too hard, he stayed in the same type of employment when he moved to Manchester.In Manchester Owen soon set up a partnership for making bonnet frames, employing forty workers, but he sold the business and bought a spinning machine. This led him in 1790 into another partnership, with James M'Connel and John Kennedy in a spinning mill, but he moved once again to become Manager of Peter Drink-water's mill. These were all involved in fine spinning, and Drinkwater employed 500 people in one of the best mills in the city. In spite of his youth, Owen claims in his autobiography (1857) that he mastered the job within six weeks and soon improved the spinning. This mill was one of the first to use Sea Island cotton from the West Indies. To have managed such an enterprise so well Owen must have had both managerial and technical ability. Through his spinning connections Owen visited Glasgow, where he met both David Dale and his daughter Anne Caroline, whom he married in 1799. It was this connection which brought him to Dale's New Lanark mills, which he persuaded Dale to sell to a Manchester consortium for £60,000. Owen took over the management of the mills on 1 January 1800. Although he had tried to carry out social reforms in the manner of working at Manchester, it was at New Lanark that Owen acquired fame for the way in which he improved both working and living conditions for the 1,500-strong workforce. He started by seeing that adequate food and groceries were available in that remote site and then built both the school and the New Institution for the Formation of Character, which opened in January 1816. To the pauper children from the Glasgow and Edinburgh slums he gave a good education, while he tried to help the rest of the workforce through activities at the Institution. The "silent monitors" hanging on the textile machines, showing the performance of their operatives, are famous, and many came to see his social experiments. Owen was soon to buy out his original partners for £84,000.Among his social reforms were his efforts to limit child labour in mills, resulting in the Factory Act of 1819. He attempted to establish an ideal community in the USA, to which he sailed in 1824. He was to return to his village of "Harmony" twice more, but broke his connection in 1828. The following year he finally withdrew from New Lanark, where some of his social reforms had been abandoned.[br]Bibliography1857, The Life of Robert Owen, Written by Himself, London.Further ReadingG.D.H.Cole, 1965, Life of Robert Owen (biography).J.Butt (ed.), 1971, Robert Owen, Prince of Cotton Spinners, Newton Abbot; S.Pollard and J.Salt (eds), 1971, Robert Owen, Prophet of the Poor. Essays in Honour of theTwo-Hundredth Anniversary of His Birth, London (both describe Owen's work at New Lanark).RLH -
8 blizna
blizna; blizno Grammatical information: f. ā; n. oPage in Trubačev: II 118-120Russian:blízna (dial.) `missing thread in fabric, flaw in home-spun material' [f ā];blizná `knot in linen resulting from an incorrect arrangement of the warp' [f ā];bliznó `flaw in fabric, absence of one or two threads' [n o];bljuzná `flaw in fabric' [f ā]Old Russian:Belorussian:bljuzná `flaw in fabric' [f ā]Ukrainian:blýzna `wound, scar' [f ā];blyzná `defect in linen' [f ā]Czech:Polish:Old Polish:Kashubian:blïzna `cicatrice' [f ā]Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:blȉzna `two threads put into a reed (instead of one);ruptured thread in weft or warp' [f ā], blȋznī [Nom p];blȋzna `scar' [f ā];blȉzno `gap' [n o]Bulgarian:blizná `place in fabric where a thread is torn or missing' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bliʔź-n-Lithuanian:blyžė̃ `rip in fabric' [f ē] 4Latvian:blîznis2 `pile of broken trees in a forest' [f ē]Indo-European reconstruction: A formation with an n-suffix derived from *bʰliǵ- `beat', cf. Lat. flīgere `hit'.IE meaning: scarPage in Pokorny: 160Comments: The forms that seemingly reflect *bl'uzna must be secondary. -
9 blizno
blizna; blizno Grammatical information: f. ā; n. oPage in Trubačev: II 118-120Russian:blízna (dial.) `missing thread in fabric, flaw in home-spun material' [f ā];blizná `knot in linen resulting from an incorrect arrangement of the warp' [f ā];bliznó `flaw in fabric, absence of one or two threads' [n o];bljuzná `flaw in fabric' [f ā]Old Russian:Belorussian:bljuzná `flaw in fabric' [f ā]Ukrainian:blýzna `wound, scar' [f ā];blyzná `defect in linen' [f ā]Czech:Polish:Old Polish:Kashubian:blïzna `cicatrice' [f ā]Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:blȉzna `two threads put into a reed (instead of one);ruptured thread in weft or warp' [f ā], blȋznī [Nom p];blȋzna `scar' [f ā];blȉzno `gap' [n o]Bulgarian:blizná `place in fabric where a thread is torn or missing' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bliʔź-n-Lithuanian:blyžė̃ `rip in fabric' [f ē] 4Latvian:blîznis2 `pile of broken trees in a forest' [f ē]Indo-European reconstruction: A formation with an n-suffix derived from *bʰliǵ- `beat', cf. Lat. flīgere `hit'.IE meaning: scarPage in Pokorny: 160Comments: The forms that seemingly reflect *bl'uzna must be secondary.
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